Telecom Expense Management
Telecommunications, Mobile Wireless, Business Cell Phone, Telecom Audit, Cost Management
Dictionary of Telephone Service Terms
Telecom Dictionary smaller than Newton's
Our Telecom Dictionary is smaller than Newton's but what it lacks in size it makes up for in depth of practical everyday use. Telephone landline managers of small through large businesses have browsed our telecom dictionary to find a term they were unfamiliar with and it's especially useful to for those who provision telecommunications services and need to understand descriptions that appear on their local phone service telephone bill or customer service records.
Access Charge
A fee charged by a local exchange carrier for the use of its local exchange networks. [FCC] 2. A charge made by a local exchange carrier for use of its local exchange facilities for a purpose such as the origination or termination of traffic that is carried to or from a distant exchange by an interexchange carrier.
Access Gateway
The Access Gateway provides an access interface between multiple types of line side services and devices and the packet network. Examples: Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) telephones, Basic Rate Interface (BRI), some Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and private lines special services on 2 and 4 wire DS0, DS1 interfaces.
Analog Signal
A signal that has a continuous nature rather than a pulsed or discrete nature.
Analog Switch
Switching equipment designed, designated, or used to connect circuits between users for real-time transmission of analog signals.
ANI
Abbreviation for automatic number identification.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
A high-speed multiplexing and switching method utilizing fixed-length cells of 53 octets to support multiple types of traffic. Note: ATM, specified in international standards, is asynchronous in the sense that cells carrying user data need not be periodic.
Automatic Call Distributor (ACD)
A device that distributes incoming calls to a specific group of terminals. Note: If the number of active calls is less than the number of terminals, the next call will be routed to the terminal that has been in the idle state the longest. If all terminals are busy, the incoming calls are held in a first-in-first-out queue until a terminal becomes available.
BAN
Billing Account Number
Basic Access
A characterization of a simple standardized combination of access channels that constitute the access arrangements for the majority of ISDN users; specifically, any of the following combinations of access channels: (1) one D-channel, (2) one B-channel plus one D-channel, (3) two B-channels plus one D-channel.
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
An ITU-T Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) multipurpose user interface standard that denotes the capability of simultaneous voice and data services provided over two clear 64-kb/s channels and one clear 16-kb/s channel (2B+D) access arrangement to each user location.
Regional Bell Operating Company (RBOC)
Historically, any of the 22 operating companies that were divested from AT&T by court order.
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
An Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) offering broadband capabilities.
Busy Signal
In telephony, an audible or visual signal that indicates that no transmission path to the called number is available.
CABS
Carrier Access Billing System
Call Forwarding
A service feature, available in some switching systems, whereby calls can be rerouted automatically from one line, i.e., station number, to another or to an attendant.
Call Processing
The sequence of operations performed by a switching system from the acceptance of an incoming call through the final disposition of the call.
Caller ID
A network service feature that permits the recipient of an incoming call to determine, even before answering, the number from which the incoming call is being placed.
Central Office (C.O.)
A common carrier switching center in which trunks and/or loops are terminated and switched.
Centrex (CTX) service
A service offered by Bell Operating Companies that provides functions and features comparable to those provided by a PBX or a PABX.
Channel
A connection between initiating and terminating nodes of a circuit.
Channel Bank
The part of a carrier-multiplex terminal that performs the first step of modulation by multiplexing a group of channels into a higher bandwidth analog channel or higher bit-rate digital channel and, conversely, demultiplexes these aggregates back into individual channels.
Circuit
The complete path between two terminals over which one-way or two-way communications may be provided.
Circuit Identification Code
Information identifying a circuit between a pair of exchanges, for which signaling is being performed
Clear Channel Capability (CCC)
A characteristic of a transmission path in which the bit position allocated for customer data may represent any combination of zeros and ones. For the DS1 rate, the bits allocated for customer data are the last 192 bits of each frame.
CLEC
Abbreviation for competitive local exchange carrier. The new local exchange carrier that is attempting to compete outside its traditional operating territory.
Conditioned Circuit
A communications circuit optimized to obtain desired characteristics for voice or data transmission.
Conference Call
A service feature that allows a call to be established among three or more stations in such a manner that each of the stations is able to communicate with all the other stations.
CPE
Abbreviation for customer premises equipment.
D Channel
In ISDN, the 16-kb/s segment of a 144-kb/s, full-duplex subscriber service channel that is subdivided into 2B+D channels, i.e., into two 64-kb/s clear channels and one 16-kb/s channel for the ISDN basic rate.
Data Transmission Circuit
The transmission media and the intervening equipment used for the transfer of data between data terminal equipments (DTEs).
Demarcation Point (DEMARC)
That point at which operational control or ownership of communications facilities changes from one organizational entity to another. Note: The demarcation point is usually the interface point between customer-premises equipment and external network service provider equipment.
Dial Tone
A tone employed in a dial telephone system to indicate to the calling party that the equipment is ready to receive dial or tone pulses.
DID
Abbreviation for direct inward dialing
Digital Access Line
An access line composed of digital facilities, containing no analog sections, and having a digital interface at the local digital exchange office (DEO) and a digital interface at the end-user voice terminal, voiceband data terminal, PBX, or interconnecting network.
Digital Channel
A means for conveying information from one point to another in digital form. A digital channel may be implemented on a network composed of digital communications components.
Digital Circuit
A combination of two digital transmission channels permitting bidirectional digital transmission in both directions between two points, to support a single communication.
Digital Signal (DS)
A signal in which discrete steps are used to represent information.
Digital Signal 0 (DS0)
In T-carrier, a basic digital signaling rate of 64 kb/s, corresponding to the capacity of one voice-frequency-equivalent channel.
Digital Signal 1 (DS1)
A digital signaling rate of 1.544 Mb/s.
Digital Signal 3 (DS3)
A digital signal rate of 44.736 Mb/s, corresponding to the North American T3 designator.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
In Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), equipment that provides full-duplex service on a single twisted metallic pair at a rate sufficient to support ISDN basic access and additional framing, timing recovery, and operational functions.
Digital Switch
A switch that performs time-division-multiplexed switching of digitized signals.
Direct Inward Dialing (DID)
A service feature that allows inward-directed calls to a PBX to reach a specific PBX extension without human intervention.
Direct Outward Dialing (DOD)
An automated PBX service feature that provides for outgoing calls to be dialed directly from the user terminal.
Equipment Room
In a building, a centralized space for telecommunications equipment that serves the occupants of the building. Note: An equipment room is considered distinct from a telecommunications closet because of the nature or complexity of the equipment housed by the equipment room.
Ethernet
A standard protocol (IEEE 802.3) for a 10-Mb/s baseband local area network (LAN) bus using carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) as the access method, implemented at the Physical Layer in the ISO Open Systems Interconnection
Exchange Access
In telephone networks, access in which exchange services are provided for originating or terminating interexchange telecommunications within the exchange area.
Extended Area Service (EAS)
A network-provided service feature in which a user pays a higher flat rate to obtain wider geographical coverage without paying per-call charges for calls within the wider area.
Extranet
An intranet that has been extended to include access to or from selected external organizations such as customers or suppliers, but not the general public.
Facility
A fixed, mobile, or transportable structure, including (a) all installed electrical and electronic wiring, cabling, and equipment and (b) all supporting structures, such as utility, ground network, and electrical supporting structures. 2. A network-provided service to users or the network operating administration. 3. A transmission pathway and associated equipment. 4. In a protocol applicable to a data unit, such as a block or frame, an additional item of information or a constraint encoded within the protocol to provide the required control. 5. A real property entity consisting of one or more of the following: a building, a structure, a utility system, pavement, and underlying land.
FCC
The U.S. Government board of five presidential appointees that has the authority to regulate all non-Federal Government interstate telecommunications (including radio and television broadcasting) as well as all international communications that originate or terminate in the United States. Note: Similar authority for regulation of Federal Government telecommunications is vested in the National Telecommunications and Information Administration
Foreign Exchange (FX) Service
A network-provided service in which a telephone in a given local exchange area is connected, via a private line, to a central office in another, i.e., "foreign", exchange, rather than the local exchange area's central office. Note: To call originators, it appears that the subscriber having the FX service is located in the foreign exchange area.
Fractional T1
In telecommunications, a portion of the 1.544 Mb/s (T1-aggregate) bit stream; the available fractions being determined by the type of multiplexer used to achieve the T1 aggregate bit stream.
Frame Relay
An interface protocol for statistically multiplexed packet-switched data communications in which (a) variable-sized packets (frames) are used that completely enclose the user packets they transport, and (b) transmission rates are usually between 56 kb/s and 1.544 Mb/s (the T-1 rate). Note 1: In frame relay, (a) there is neither flow-control nor an error-correction capability, (b) there is information-content independence, (c) there is a correspondence only to the ISO Open systems Interconnection.
FTP
Abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol that is (a) a standard high-level protocol for transferring files from one computer to another, (b) usually implemented as an application level program, and (c) uses the Telnet and TCP protocols. Note: In conjunction with the proper local software, FTP allows computers connected to the Internet to exchange files, regardless of the computer platform.
Gateway
In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. Note 1: A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability. It also requires that mutually acceptable administrative procedures be established between the two networks. Note 2: A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions. 2. [An] interface providing a compatibility between networks by converting transmission speeds, protocols, codes, or security measures.
ILEC
Abbreviation for incumbent local exchange carrier. The incumbent or existing franchised local exchange carrier in any given area.
Inter-LATA
1. Between local access and transport areas (LATAs). 2. Services, revenues, and functions associated with telecommunications that originate in one LATA and that terminate in another one or that terminate outside of that LATA.
Interexchange Carrier (IXC
or IC): A communications common carrier authorized to provide interexchange telecommunications services within world zone 1 using the North American numbering plan.
Internet Phone
A combination of software and hardware that allows a user to approximate a telephone conversation over an Internet connection instead of using a traditional telephone system.
Intra-LATA
Within the boundaries of a local access and transport area (LATA).
ISDN
Abbreviation for integrated services digital network. An integrated digital network in which the same time-division switches and digital transmission paths are used to establish connections for different services.
IXC
Abbreviation for interexchange carrier.
Key Set
A multiline or multifunction user terminal device.
Key Telephone System (KTS)
In a local environment, terminals and equipment that provide immediate access from all terminals to a variety of telephone services without attendant assistance.
LAN
Acronym for local area network.
Landline
An informal name for conventional telephone facilities. Note: Landlines include conventional twisted-pair lines, carrier facilities, and microwave radio facilities for supporting a conventional telephone channel, but do not include satellite links or mobile telephone links using radio transmissions.
LATA
Acronym for local access and transport area.
Leased Circuit
Dedicated common-carrier facilities and channel equipment used by a network to furnish exclusive private line service to a specific user or group of users.
LEC
Abbreviation for local exchange carrier.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A data communications system that (a) lies within a limited spatial area, (b) has a specific user group, (c) has a specific topology, and (d) is not a public switched telecommunications network, but may be connected to one.
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
A local telephone company, i.e., a communications common carrier that provides ordinary local voice-grade telecommunications service under regulation within a specified service area.
Local Loop
Synonym loop.
Local Measured Service
See measured-rate service.
Long Distance Call
Any telephone call to a destination outside the local service area of the calling station, whether inter-LATA or intra-LATA, and for which there is a charge beyond that for basic service.
Loop
A communications channel from a switching center or an individual message distribution point to the user terminal. Synonym subscriber line.
MAN
Acronym for metropolitan area network.
Measured Rate Service
Telephone service for which charges are made in accordance with the total connection time of the line.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A data communications network that (a) covers an area larger than a campus area network and smaller than a wide area network (WAN), (b) interconnects two or more LANs, and (c) usually covers an entire metropolitan area, such as a large city and its suburbs.
Metropolitan Service Area
The area around and including a relatively large city and in which substantially all of the message telephone traffic between the city and the suburban points within the area is classified as exchange in one or both directions.
MIS
Abbreviation for management information system.
Multiplexing (MUXing)
The combining of two or more information channels onto a common transmission medium. Note: In electrical communications, the two basic forms of multiplexing are time-division multiplexing (TDM) and frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). In optical communications, the analog of FDM is referred to as wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).
MUX
Abbreviation for multiplex, multiplexer.
Network
An interconnection of three or more communicating entities. 2. An interconnection of usually passive electronic components that performs a specific function (which is usually limited in scope), e.g., to simulate a transmission line or to perform a mathematical function such as integration or differentiation. Note: A network may be part of a larger circuit.
Network Access Point (NAP)
A physical entity that provides network access for users. It contains the call-control agent function and may include the call-control function.
Network Management
The execution of the set of functions required for controlling, planning, allocating, deploying, coordinating, and monitoring the resources of a telecommunications network, including performing functions such as initial network planning, frequency allocation, predetermined traffic routing to support load balancing, cryptographic key distribution authorization, configuration management, fault management, security management, performance management, and accounting management. Note: Network management does not include user terminal equipment.
North American Number Plan (NANP)
A plan for the allocation of unique 10-digit address numbers. The numbers consists of a 3-digit area (numbering plan area) code, a 3-digit office code, and a 4-digit line number.
NXX code
In the North American direct distance dialing numbering plan, a central office code of three digits that designates a particular central office or a given 10,000-line unit of subscriber lines; "N" is any number from 2 to 9, and "X" is any number from 0 to 9.
OPSEC
Acronym for operations security.
Optical Carrier Level 1 (OC-1)
The optical signal that results from an optical conversion of an synchronous transport signal 1 (STS-1 signal). It is this signal that will form the basis of the interface.
Packet Switching
The process of routing and transferring data by means of addressed packets so that a channel is occupied during the transmission of the packet only, and upon completion of the transmission the channel is made available for the transfer of other traffic.
PBX
Abbreviation for private branch exchange. 1. A subscriber-owned telecommunications exchange that usually includes access to the public switched network. 2. A switch that serves a selected group of users and that is subordinate to a switch at a higher level military establishment. 3. A private telephone switchboard that provides on-premises dial service and may provide connections to local and trunked communications networks.
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
A call that requires nothing more than basic call handling.
Point of Presence (POP)
A physical layer within a local access and transport area (LATA) at which an inter-LATA carrier establishes itself for the purpose of obtaining LATA access and to which the local exchange carrier provides access services.
Point to Point Configuration
A configuration where there are only two access points.
POP
Acronym for point of presence.
POTS
Abbreviation for plain old telephone service, plain old telephone set.
Prefix
[In telephone communications,] an indicator consisting of one or more digits, that allows the selection of different types of number formats (e.g., local, national or international), transit networks and/or the service. Note 1: Prefixes are not part of the number and are not signaled over internetwork and international boundaries. Note 2: When prefixes are used, they are always entered by the user or by automatic calling equipment.
PRI
Abbreviation for primary rate interface.
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
An integrated services digital network (ISDN) interface standard (a) that is designated in North America as having a 23B+D channels, (b) in which all circuit-switched B channels operate at 64 kb/s, and (c) in which the D channel also operates at 64 kb/s. Note: The PRI combination of channels results in a digital signal 1 (T1) interface at the network boundary.
Private Branch Exchange (PBX)
See PBX.
Private Line Service
A service for communications between specified locations for a continuous period or for regularly recurring periods at stated hours.
PSTN
Abbreviation for public switched telephone network.
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
A domestic telecommunications network usually accessed by telephones, key telephone systems, private branch exchange trunks, and data arrangements. Note: Completion of the circuit between the call originator and call receiver in a PSTN requires network signaling in the form of dial pulses or multifrequency tones.
PUC
Abbreviation for public utilities commission.
Public Utilities Commission (PUC)
In the United States, a state regulatory body charged with regulating intrastate utilities, including telecommunications systems. Note: In some states this regulatory function is performed by public service commissions or state corporation commissions.
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
A virtual circuit used to establish a long-term connection between data terminal equipments (DTE). Note 1: In a PVC, the long-term association is identical to the data transfer phase of a virtual call. Note 2: Permanent virtual circuits eliminate the need for repeated call set-up and clearing.
PVC
Abbreviation for permanent virtual circuit.
Rate Center
A geographically specified point used for determining mileage-dependent rates for PSTN calls. It is defined by a set of Vertical & Horizontal coordinates.
RBOC
Acronym for Regional Bell Operating Company.
Regional Bell Operating Company (RBOC)
Historically, one of the seven holding companies formed by divestiture by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company of its local Bell System operating companies, and to which one or more of the Bell System local telephone companies were assigned.
Remote Call Forwarding
A service feature that allows calls coming to a remote call-forwarding number to be automatically forwarded to any answering location designated by the call receiver. Note: Customers may have a remote-forwarding telephone number in a central switching office without having any other local telephone service in that office.
Responsible Organization (Resp Org)
The entity designated to manage and administer a Customer's SMS/800 records.
Ringdown Circuit
In telephony, a circuit in which manually generated signaling power is used to perform ringdown.
Risk Analysis
1. A systematic method of identifying the assets of a data processing system, the threats to those assets, and the vulnerability of the system to those threats.
Router
In data communications, a functional unit used to interconnect two or more networks. Note 1: Routers operate at the network layer (layer 3) of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection--Reference Model. Note 2: The router reads the network layer address of all packets transmitted by a network, and forwards only those addressed to another network.
SAP
Abbreviation for service access point.
Service Access Point (SAP)
A physical point at which a circuit may be accessed. 2. In an Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layer, a point at which a designated service may be obtained.
Slamming
The action that occurs when a customer's long-distance telephone service (carrier selection) is switched from one long distance company to another without the customer's permission, and often, knowledge.
Switched Access Line
A communication path between local exchange and a customer interface (CI).
Switched Circuit
In a communications network, a circuit that may be temporarily established at the request of one or more of the connected stations.
Switched Network
A communications network, such as the public switched telephone network, in which any user may be connected to any other user through the use of message, circuit, or packet switching and control devices. 2. Any network providing switched communications service.
Switching Center
In communications systems, a facility in which switches are used to interconnect communications circuits on a circuit-, message-, or packet-switching basis.
T-carrier
The generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexed telecommunications carrier systems.
Note 1: The designators for T-carrier in the North American digital hierarchy correspond to the designators for the digital signal (DS) level hierarchy. See the associated table below. Note 2: T-carrier systems were originally designed to transmit digitized voice signals. Current applications also include digital data transmission. Note 3: If an "F" precedes the "T", a fiber optic cable system is indicated at the same rates. Note 4: The table below lists the designators and rates for current T-Carrier systems. Note 5: The North American and Japanese hierarchies are based on multiplexing 24 voice-frequency channels and multiples thereof, whereas the European hierarchy is based on multiplexing 30 voice-frequency channels and multiples thereof.
T1 Line
A full-duplex digital transmission facility that is composed of transmission media (optical or metallic) and regenerators that carry one DS1 signal.
Tariff
The published schedule of rates or charges for a specific unit of equipment, facility, or type of service such as might be provided by a telecommunications common carrier.
Telecom Audit
A telecom audit is the easiest and fastest way to detect and correct telecom billing irregularities, bringing a instant reduction to your telecom expenses. A Telecom Audit examines telecom invoices from local, long-distance, and wireless vendors, it addresses taxes, tariffs, and telecom contract agreements to identify errors. A telecom audit will obtain the proof to obtain refunds for historical overcharges and identify opportunities for strategic cost-saving opportunities.
Telecom Expense Management
Telecom Expense Management is the act of controlling the costs associated with all of a businesses communications components, including software, hardware, invoicing and account payable. Telecom Expense Management is a term used widely to describe anything related to the management of telecom costs. This can include the cost associated with a business WAN - LAN Network, IT Access and Bandwidth SLA's, MPLS Circuits, Frame Relay Circuits, Server Management, Router Management, POTs Lines, PRI T-1, ISDN BRI and all of the Corporate Wireless Assets that are deployed to various Local, Regional, National and Global corporate sites. Telecom Expense Management incorporates the following services: Network Architecture Analysis, VOIP Analysis, Private IP Analysis, RFP Generation, Price Benchmarks, Telecom Contract Review, Local Services Feature - Function Analysis, and Baseline Inventory Establishment.
Telecom Inventory Management
Telecom Inventory Management software benefits your business by; increased control of ordering and inventory tracking, integration of telecom invoice processing software to identify changes to your corporate total inventory of communication inventory, creates automated electronic notifications of irregularities to your designated IT group member. Custom analysis is available through the robust web based dashboard views.
Network Inventory Software
Network Inventory Software as used in a TEM application automates the verification of hardware, access points and bandwidth. Procurement and tracking of the network hardware components is automated through the invoice processing module. Activities that were not converged prior to the deployment of the Network inventory software such as Network Provisioning, VOIP Billing and the Network Auditing are all available through hierarchical custom reporting for real time network analysis.
Telecom Invoice Processing
Telecom Invoice Processing is a term used to describe business activities related to the management of telecom invoices, including activities such as automating the steps involved in conducting a Telecom Audit. Telecom asset management is included because the software tracks telecom inventory by reconciling invoices to the established list of hardware deployed throughout an Enterprise, Government organization or corporate business entity. Wireless bills are electronically reviewed and charge back allocation is conducted while the automated process of electronically processing multiple invoices is active. Network bill consolidation, Electronic invoice Scanning and automated Data Entry are all benefits of deploying telecom invoice processing software. This business service offering processes large volumes of complex telecom invoices from multiple vendors, each with unique billing formats and media.
Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD)
A machine that uses typed input and output, usually with a visual text display, to enable individuals with hearing or speech impairments to communicate over a telecommunications network.
Tie Trunk
A telephone line that directly connects two private branch exchanges (PBXs).
UNIX
TM: A portable, multiuser, time-shared operating system that supports process scheduling, job control, and a programmable user interface. Note 1: There are many proprietary operating systems that are based on UNIXTM and are commonly referred to as UNIXTM, but are not necessarily interoperable. Note 2: Most UNIXTM-based operating systems are POSIX compliant.
URL (uniform resource locator)
A character string describing the location and access method of a resource on the Internet. Note: For example, the URL http://www.TelecomExpenseMnagement.Org describes the type of access method being used (http) and the server location which hosts the Web site www.TelecomExpenseMnagement.Org
Video Teleconference
A teleconference that includes video communications. 2. Pertaining to a two-way electronic communications system that permits two or more persons in different locations to engage in the equivalent of face-to-face audio and video communications. Note: Video teleconferences may be conducted as if all of the participants were in the same room.
Voice Grade
In the public regulated telecommunications services, a service grade that is described in part 68, Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations [CFR]. Note: Voice-grade service does not imply any specific signaling or supervisory scheme.
WAN
Acronym for wide area network.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A physical or logical network that provides data communications to a larger number of independent users than are usually served by a local area network (LAN) and is usually spread over a larger geographic area than that of a LAN. Note 1: WANs may include physical networks, such as Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs), X.25 networks, and T1 networks. Note 2: A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a WAN that serves all the users in a metropolitan area. WANs may be nationwide or worldwide.
Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS)
A toll service offering for customer dial type telecommunications between a given customer station and stations within specified geographic rate areas employing a single access line between the customer location and the serving central office. Each access line may be arranged for either outward (OUT-WATS) or inward (IN-WATS) service or both.
Wink Start Signal
An off-hook condition applied to the NI (network interface) by the CI (customer installation) for a timed interval that indicates the CI recognizes a connect signal from the network and will be ready to receive address signals after return to on-hook.
Wireless
Descriptive of a network or terminal that uses electromagnetic waves (including rf, infrared, laser, visible light–and acoustic energy) rather than wire conductors for telecommunications.
Wireline
A term associated with a network or terminal that uses metallic wire conductors (and/or optical fibers) for telecommunications.
X.75 Gateway Service
A protocol for network interworking which supports communication between adjacent networks and communication thru transit networks.
Zulu Time (Z)
Synonym Coordinated Universal Time. Formerly a synonym for Greenwich Mean Time.
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